The Political Economy Of Media And Communications Essay

Those who control the media, control the message, but does the format in which the media is consumed, or the message delivered contain within in it political economy. Faced with ever increasing media consumption options, how users choose to access television programming, via terrestrial broadcasting or through digital downloads, plays an important role in the political economy. Through the commodification of audiences, content consumption and creation, the spatialization of programming, and the structuration and agency within political economic systems. The evolution of the television, from terrestrial to television, in the long line of communications mediums, helps to tell the story of how through culture political economy is created, maintained and social paradigms are reinforced. This paper will explore some of the foundations and key ideas found in the relationship between the political economy of media and communications, highlighting differences between terrestrial broadcast a nd downloaded television formats. By the public sphere we mean first of all a realm of our social life in which something approaches public opinion can be formed. In our media saturated world this has moved beyond the salons, or the coffee shops but extended to include magazines, television and online exchanges such as social media. The public sphere as a sphere which mediates between society and state in which the public organizes itself as the bearer of public opinion accords with the principleShow MoreRelatedThe Political Economy Of Communication792 Words   |  4 PagesThe political economy of communication is using political economy approach to analyse the media and communication. Therefore, before discuss the political economy of communication we need to figure out what is political economy and what is communication. The definition of political economy is not simple. This essay uses the definitions given by Vincent Mosco and explores its origin in Greek and inspiration from the Classical Political Economy. Apart from the Classical Political Economy, this essayRead MoreThe Political Economy And Cultural Studies Theories1429 Words   |  6 PagesMass media plays an important role in the society by providing entertainment, information and acting as the government’s overseer. Several scholars have developed philosophies that help people understand how mass media fulfills its roles in the society. For example, Horkheimer and Adorno have constructed theories that explain the functions and impacts of mass media in the society across the globe (Mosco, 2008). The central theme in all mass communication models entails the meaning of media contentsRead MoreWho Owns The Internet And How It Affects My Own Experience With Communication Essay831 Words   |  4 Pagesbe divided in three parts. First I will present how U.S media presents a slanted and distorted version of the â€Å"truth†. Second I will discuss how I interpret â€Å"who owns the internet† and how it affects my own experience with communication and last I will address I think â€Å"Islam† as term or ideological concept, currently serves a â€Å"system supporting propaganda function†. The United States journalism have come a long way since it rose as a political weapon, facing critical junctures such as the one causedRead MoreRegulating The Digital Communication Nationally1218 Words   |  5 Pages It is necessary to regulate the digital communication nationally. Copyright behaviour is one such possible disadvantage to not doing so. FreeTV and the Advertising Standards Bureau both have guidelines for the advertising of food and drink catered for children. These guidelines were put in place in order to promote a healthy active lifestyle and not one of unhealthy consumption. Similarly, suicide portrayal guidelines implement throughout commercial radio. This has expanded further to regulate issuesRead MoreUnderstanding the Convergence of Media Systems and Political Communication in the U.S. and Western Europe1054 Words   |  5 PagesUnderstanding the Convergence of Media Systems and Political Communication in the U.S. and Western Europe A powerful trend is clearly underway in the direction of greater similarity in the way the public sphere is structured across the world. In their products, in their professional practices and cultures, in their systems of relationships with other political and social institutions, media systems across the world are becoming increasingly alike. 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The necessity and the relevancy of mass media becomes more prominent and urgent in the 21st century world, as the 21st century landscape is exceptionally more mediated than in previous eras of human history. It behooves producers, distributors, and consumers of mass media to understand and consider the interplay between power and discourse within the context of mass media. Where is theRead MoreThe Political Theory Of The Chilean Economy1112 Words   |  5 PagesDespite the small size of the Chilean economy and its rather relative weight in the global economy, several accounts acknowledge that Chile was at the forefront of the worldwide neoliberal experiment since the mid-1970s under the civic-military dictatorship that ruled the nation between 1973 and 1990 (Harvey, 2005a; Klein, 2007; McChesney, 1999; Paley, 2001; Stiglitz, 2002). Indeed, the Chilean authoritarian regime not only has rad ically applied neoclassical theory, but also turns it into â€Å"the foundingRead MoreCultural Industries – Theory Assignment Essay701 Words   |  3 Pagesimportant role to many economies in terms of assessing change and continuity that involves the growth of prosperity and employment in the cultural industries. The process to determine the best solution may be complicated and tiresome as controversy surrounds these traditions. Profit generating and control may be the main reasons of these approaches, but they also carry an important characteristic in how society understands â€Å"the relationships between culture, society and economy.† (Hesmondhalgh, 2007Read MoreSocial Media And Political Economy1174 Words   |  5 PagesFuchs s article relates social media with power and political economy, which roots in Karl Max s critical theory toward capitalism s exploit on free labor sources. Recall from what Fuchs mentioned on chapter one, he discussed about the concept of social media by introducing a four dynamic process: cognition, communication and co-operation. Each one is closely associated with a notion of sociality from different philosophical points of view. However, in this chapter, he extends the critical theory

Essay on Biographical Narrative - 798 Words

Biographical Narrative: Thomas Jefferson The Declaration of Independence is a symbol of the birth of this nation, but also of the constant struggle to achieve its ideals. Ideals like â€Å"Life, Liberty and the Pursuit of Happiness†, the unalienable rights of the United States. The document also states that â€Å"it’s the right of the people to abolish it and institute a new government† whenever the government becomes destructive of the unalienable rights. I think it’s safe to say that Thomas Jefferson didnt just intend for the document to be read for the people to follow through with its words. However there is no mention of slavery or black people, or even women for that matter, on this primitive statement on the equal rights of man, and it†¦show more content†¦He believed they should be continually pushed westward, which makes me wonder what he believes should happen when they hit the pacific. Thomas Jefferson created a policy which ended all foreign trade. Jeffersons embargo caused an 80% decrease in exports and massive unemployment soon followed. It was so awful, that people were literally starving. This is perhaps the only time in the US where people were forced into starvation solely because of a government policy. Jefferson obsessed over this embargo. The attempt to stop all smuggling of exports and imports became so insistent that people were searched, arrested, and imprisoned without any arrest warrants. Boats, carts, and even individuals on the roads were subject to these unconstitutional searches and arrests. Thomas jefferson contradicted himself constantly. He is who wrote the foundation of this country molding its future with his words. It is no wonder that nowadays unalienable rights are violated, because not even the man who wrote them down had the audacity of following through with what the document stated. Jefferson was not scared to use lawsuits against people he didnt like. When newspapers would write unfavorable (and usually true) things about him, he would attempt to sue for libel. In society today many are told they are not allowed to speak their minds and state their opinion whenever it is notShow MoreRelatedEssay on Holistic Biographical Narrative of a Child1180 Words   |  5 Pages0212113 Holistic Biographical Narrative of a child. Introduction: In this essay I will be discussing about the observation of a nine month old baby girl called Sarah, who lives with her mother and father in a private home in East London. Her two parents are from different races but were both born in United Kingdom. During the observation Sarah’s mother used very different method to take care of her child. How it was assessed and observed the role her mother placed during the observationRead MoreRichard Attenborough s Film Gandhi1007 Words   |  5 PagesThe topic assigned to our group was Celebrity. So we were supposed to select a narrative that talk about the same. 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Impact of Internet and Ecommerce on International Businesses

Question: Discuss about the Impact of Internet and Ecommerce on International Businesses. Answer: Introduction Ecommerce refers to selling and buying services and products, or transmitting data or funds over the internet. This data or fund transaction occurs either from customer to business or customer to customer or business to business or from business to customer (Turban et al. 2015). Latest improvements in Internet and which can be accessed using mobile and other devices that also make things easier for customers and give them various online purchasing options. The document presented below discusses that the impact of internet and ecommerce on global business and opportunities and challenges that are caused by this to the organizations. Impact of Internet and Ecommerce in International Businesses The improvement in Internet and their utilization has affected various businesses and societies globally. E-commerce provides the right kind of virtual platform to businesses without any need or requirement of physical location (Tatoglu et al. 2014). The Internet and ecommerce has provided various improvements to business efficiency and trade avenues. Souq.com is an international business located in United Arabs Emirates and it is based on massive mediators between online and traditional markets. The Internet provides different features to get access via client and server method on a particular company website. Internet and ecommerce are the two sides of a coin (Uae.souq.com 2016). Without the internet, ecommerce does not work and without e-commerce, the internet does not work. Moreover on the Souq.com websites the impact of ecommerce heavily depends on upon the concept of business to consumer based application (Belkhamza and Wafa 2014). The entire company is duly engaged with the selling of product and services from different parts of the world. The inbuilt facility of Souq.com provides their customers with extra advantages by introducing the concept of ecommerce (Flanagin et al. 2014). The concept of introducing Ecommerce in Souq.com provides them the best platform to utilize it for selling their several products and also provide several offers and discounts for a specified product and services. And they also highlight and reflect the impact of internet and ecommerce on this company. Internet Trading Tools The Internet lowers the communication cost and time which is spent in marketing and which makes it much more critical trading techniques and tools for international businesses (Turban et al. 2015). The Internet provides the information in a digital format at a much lower price which helps the businesses to operate more efficiently and they can also pass on the cost saving to their clients. The advanced internet technology has raised the bar for various businesses to reach their potential clients or customers not only locally but globally as well. The internet is a proper trading tool for their business, where it provides the vendors to be at the right place and at the right time (Gilinsky et al. 2015). Efficiencies of Supply Chain The companies or firms that are engaged in international trading noticed that the Internet helps them in better supply chain management for their services and goods. It also reduces the overhead prices related to transport functions, distribution, and marketing (Lu and Liu 2015). High impact of the internet enhances the efficiency of logistics and trade distribution, which enables movement of data without any required insurance, transport and other prices. Small and Rural Businesses The internet and ecommerce allows the access to customer across worldwide with no transportation costs. A mid size business without any well-furnished store or outlet have a high disadvantage in any major locations (Savrul et al. 2014). The internet provides small business an unique platform over the website where they can represent themselves as a well-established company. Hence, the internet and ecommerce have various impacts on small and rural business. The internet and ecommerce plays a critical role in small and rural businesses. Effect of Internet on shopping experience of the Customers The use of Internet for purchasing has changed the modern way of shopping. Online purchasing has become frequent and provides some major advantages over the traditional shopping experience. The traditional ways of shopping has been broken and decaying with the advent of the facilities of online shopping. The customers are opting to choose internet shopping sites like ASOS, Net-a-Porter, Matchesfashion.com, etc. for staying at home rather than going out to market to buy any commodity. Over 75% of people read reviews of the product over the internet for buying any product (Belkhamza and Wafa 2014). The customers can get more information of the products online rather than in shops. Effect of Online Shopping on Brick and Mortar stores The purchasing of products over the Internet has caused decline of the footfalls of the customers at Brick and Mortar. Online shopping provides the eases that brick and mortar could not. Hence, it has been seen that although being a one stop for all commodities, brick and mortar has seen less generation of revenue from their stores. Maximum customers have started opting for the online shopping destinations rather than the brick and mortar stores. According to CNBC (2016), there has been decrease in the customers at brick and mortar by 10% since the last year. Opportunities Many opportunities have been found by utilizing the internet services and ecommerce in respective organization. These are as followed: It provides faster buying and selling process with the help of a broad platform. Easy to search for expected products It is regardless of any geographical boundary Physical presence of any consumer during buying or selling products is not required Easy to manage Provides twenty-four-hour services Online money transaction is available No presence of third party involvement is found Challenges There are certain common threats faced by this organization due to the use of ecommerce and internet services. Security issues might occur during data transaction and money transaction over the internet platform Chances of attacks of worms and viruses Spoofing, snooping might affect or corrupt the entire system Any mechanical failure can bring unpredictable issues Quality issues might occur as the consumers will not be able to see the products face to face. Conclusion The present document discusses the impact of ecommerce and internet in international businesses and souq.com. It has been found that the incidence of internet and ecommerce in the existing businesses are high, and they do provide better advantages to the companies those who have enrolled with the ecommerce industries. They do provide the right kind of trading tools to the companies to sell their products worldwide. Moreover, the document discusses about an individual company such as Souq.com is impacted by ecommerce and the Internet. The overall concept of this essay is to provide the knowledge of how the impact of internet and ecommerce is on businesses. The overall idea of this document is to understand the impact of internet and ecommerce on a specific business or in general and opportunities and challenges they provide to organizations. References Belkhamza, Z. and Wafa, S.A., 2014. The role of uncertainty avoidance on e-commerce acceptance across cultures.International Business Research,7(5), p.166. Flanagin, A.J., Metzger, M.J., Pure, R., Markov, A. and Hartsell, E., 2014. Mitigating risk in ecommerce transactions: perceptions of information credibility and the role of user-generated ratings in product quality and purchase intention.Electronic Commerce Research,14(1), pp.1-23. Gilinsky Jr, A., Thach, E.C. and Thompson, K.J., 2015. Connectivity Communication: A Study of How Small Wine Businesses Use the Internet. Journal of Small Business Strategy,14(2), pp.37-57. Lu, Q. and Liu, N., 2015. Effects of e-commerce channel entry in a two-echelon supply chain: A comparative analysis of single-and dual-channel distribution systems.International Journal of Production Economics,165, pp.100-111. Savrul, M., Incekara, A. and Sener, S., 2014. The Potential of E-commerce for SMEs in a Globalizing Business Environment.Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences,150, pp.35-45. Tatoglu, E., Bayraktar, E., Sahadev, S., Demirbag, M. Glaister, K. W. (2014) Determinants of voluntary environmental management practices by MNE subsidiaries,Journal of World Business, 49 (4), pp.536-548. Turban, E., King, D., Lee, J.K., Liang, T.P. and Turban, D.C., 2015. E-commerce: mechanisms, platforms, and tools. InElectronic Commerce(pp. 51-99). Springer International Publishing. Uae.souq.com. (2016).Shop in Dubai, Abu Dhabi, UAE | Online Shopping, Best Open Place to Buy and Sell Electronics, Fashion, Clothing, Watches, Books and more Deals | Souq.com. [online] Available at: https://uae.souq.com/ae-en/ [Accessed 15 Jul. 2016]. CNBC. (2016).Retailers, DON'T give up on brick and mortar: Ex-JC Penney CEO. [online] Available at: https://www.cnbc.com/2016/05/20/why-retailers-should-not-give-up-on-bricks-and-mortar-former-jc-penney-ceo.html [Accessed 19 Jul. 2016].

The use of Child Labour in a Global Economy

Question: Evaluation of the use of use of child labour in a global economy using three principles of the Global Business Standard Codex. Answer: Introduction The use of child labour in the arena of global economy has been an ethical issue of interest since long. Child labour refers to the employment of children under the age of 14. Though the use of child labour mostly confines to domestic and agricultural fields, it is not uncommonly seen in some industries like the apparels industries (Wolfe et al., 2002). This report evaluates the use of child labour in global economy based on the three principles of dignity, transparency and fairness from the Global Business Standard Codex (GBSC). While the advantages and disadvantages of the use of child labour in global economy may be discussed, the ethical side of the issue has to be explored as well. The purpose of GBSC is to offer companies carefully constructed conduct guidelines for them to assess their code of conduct or formulate a new one. Analysis The dignity principle emphasises on the need of respecting the dignity of all people. The principle highlights the protection of health, ensuring of safety, privacy and other human rights, avoiding coercion and implementing practices that augment human development at work, marketplace and in the community. The transparency principle deals with the business conduct having to be a transparent one, honest and open in its dealings, avoiding deception and secrecy in practices and acts, maintenance of accurate records and information disclosures on time, while obliging to confidentiality and privacy. The fairness principle is another crucial one because it focuses on the fair dealings, fair competitions, fair treatment of all with non-discrimination and equal opportunities and practice of fair processes (Paine et al., 2005). Recently, there has been incidents reported that uncovered developed western Multi-National Corporations (MNCs) using child labour in their sectors in their developing markets. The main topic of this issue that has been widely researched and discussed is the minimum age of employment and how it is related to child labour. The manufacturing units of these MNCs are based mostly in Asian countries, where the consumers are arguably forbearing regarding the employment of child labourers in the industry. This tolerance is less compared to the consumers of the developed nations. The dilemma emerges because of the difference in the ethical practices in the developed countries owning the MNCs and the host countries like India, China, Bangladesh etc. (Flanagan, 2006). The wide range of markets that the MNCs are exposed to in business with lowered standards of ethics in the host nations they chose to enhance their businesses poses the risk of ethical breaching. The standards often fail to meet the interests of all stakeholders (Gupta et al., 2010). The codes of conduct required in the issue of child labour are to be broad rather than severely restrictive. The restrictive codes of conduct would not address the root causes of child labour in the countries concerned. Instead, it would drive them to more hazardous work environments. The eradication of child labour is not realistic in the developing economies (Wolfe et al., 2002). However, while employment of children above the age of 13, sometimes, above 12, can be financially beneficial to the children and their families, in cases of light and safe work environments, some scenarios are hazardous and abusive to children. This can adversely affect the host countries and calls for serious interventions (Lieten Nederveen Meerkerk, 2011). The importance of code of ethics and code of conduct among the MNCs become more relevant. But according to Kolk and van Tudler (2002a), the interaction between the business and the government is not enough to formulate acceptable code of conduct in the case of child labour. It requires the involvement of all the stakeholders in the concerned issue. The code of conduct is usually country-specific because the concerns vary in different host nations. A universal code of conduct is not possible in case of child labour. The minimum age requirement for employment is the most relevant item in the code of conduct and determines the specificity of a code. Most conduct codes do not mention a specific minimum age, so as to enhance the universality. Further, the monitoring provisions and procedures are generally vague, and the sanctions that are stringent would assist in deteriorating the situation in cases of firing the child labourers. Every code of conduct should clearly mention the strategie s that would be used to compensate the effect sanctions may have on the host economies since it adds to the problematic side of child labour (Kulk van Tudler, 2002b). Following these studies, it is clear that a code of conduct that is impressively based on a code of ethics is needed in an issue like child labour in the matter of global economy. This is where the importance of the GBSC principles of dignity, transparency and fairness comes in. Child labour is an issue with huge variables including political, cultural, economical and ethical. The developed nations owning the MNCs and their host nations have a bunch of crude disparities. The ethics of place includes the moral self-righteousness and economical superiority of developed nations that would cause harm (Hindman Smith, 1999), and this requires the buffering that the dignity principle and fairness principle can offer in the code of conduct. The transparency principle can ensure the fair treatment of the employees and encourage more productivity with great behaviour. The transparency principle will offer a comfortable work environment for the employees, increased feeling of empowerment, security and faith in the system (Nelson, 2015). This is an important aspect for the smooth functioning of the enterprises and the good relationship between the MNCs and their employees. The companys best interests should not sacrifice the respect and dignity of the employees involved. The dignity principle will ensure that children under the minimum age required are not exploited through child labour for the purpose of cost cutting (Watkins, 2011). Conclusion Thus, the dignity principle and fairness principle ensure a safe and fair work environment for the employees from the host nations. The code of conduct will benefit the developed countries by an increased work performance, proving to be advantageous for their enterprise, meanwhile considering the employees and developing economies as well. Child labour, as an inevitable need in some economies, if carried out with ethics, can prove to be a tolerable issue. References Flanagan, R. (2006).Globalization and labor conditions. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Gupta, S., Pirsch, J. and Girard, T. (2010). An Empirical Examination of a Multinational Ethical Dilemma: The Issue of Child Labor. Journal of Global Marketing, 23(4), pp.288-305. Hindman, H. and Smith, C. (1999). Cross-cultural ethics and the child labor problem. Journal of Business Ethics, 19 (1). Kolk, A., Van Tulder, R. (2002a). Ethics in international business: multinational approaches to child labor. Journal of World Business 3 (9). Kolk, A., Van Tulder, R. (2002b). Child labor and multinational conduct: A comparison of international business and stakeholder codes. Journal of Business Ethics, 3 (6). Lieten, K. Nederveen Meerkerk, E. (2011).Child labour's global past, 1650-2000. Bern: Peter Lang. Nelson, M. (2015). The Benefits of Transparency. [online] Vitae, the online career hub for higher ed. Retrieved on 25th May 2016 from https://chroniclevitae.com/news/916-the-benefits-of-transparency Paine, L., Deshpande, R., Margolis, J. and Bettcher, K. (2005). Up to Code: Does you Companys conduct meet world-Class standards. 1st ed. [ebook] Harvard Business Publishing. Watkins, C. (2011).Child labor and sweatshops. Detroit: Gale Cengage Learning. Wolfe, J. and Dickson, M. (2002). Apparel Manufacturer and Retailer Efforts to Reduce Child Labor: An Ethics of Virtue Perspective on Codes of Conduct. Clothing and Textiles Research Journal, 20(4), pp.183-195.

Band, Bend, Bind, Bond, and Bund

Band, Bend, Bind, Bond, and Bund Band, Bend, Bind, Bond, and Bund Band, Bend, Bind, Bond, and Bund By Mark Nichol One of the joys of researching word origins and usage is discovering facts such as that the five English words formed on the frame of b_nd, with different vowels, are cognates, all stemming from a common proto-Indo-European ancestral verb meaning â€Å"restrain.† Band, meaning â€Å"a flat strip† or â€Å"something that binds,† came to refer not only to an object with either or both of those characteristics but also to an organized group of people, perhaps from the use of uniform pieces of cloth worn by affiliated warriors. This usage extended to refer to a group of musicians attached to a military unit, from which derived the use of the word for a civilian ensemble. Band is also a verb, meaning â€Å"bind† or â€Å"fasten† in one sense or â€Å"join† in another. Bend began as a verb describing fettering, or restraining of a person’s or animal’s feet, and the similar action of stringing a bow; from there it came to refer to any turning of a straight line or object and, as a noun, to a physical turn. To bind originally meant to tie something or someone up, as if to fasten or restrain, or to dress a wound, and later acquired the figurative meaning of â€Å"commit,† â€Å"oblige,† or â€Å"require.† The noun bind usually applies to the figurative sense, often with the connotation of being placed in an awkward situation, although someone may place someone else in a physical bind, as in wrestling. Bond, meanwhile, developed as a variant of band and describes physical adhesions, forces, and restraints as well as financial or legal documents, plus figurative connections, such as that described in the phrase â€Å"bonds of matrimony.† Like the related words above, it has a verb form as well. The last and least common word in this family is bund, taken directly from the German word for a confederacy or league, used in English to refer to a political organization, especially one for German-Americans, such as a pro-Nazi group that flourished before World War II. There is no verb form for this word. Also, the word describes a type of levee-type embankment often used in Asia; this term, ultimately from Persian, may be distantly related to the other terms. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Is She a "Lady" or a "Woman"?60 Synonyms for â€Å"Trip†25 Idioms with Clean

How Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip Are Related

How Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip Are Related Like many royal couples, Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip are distantly related through their royal ancestors. The practice of marrying within royal bloodlines has become less common as royaltys power is lessened. But so many in the royal family are related to each other, it would have been difficult for Princess Elizabeth to find an unrelated partner. Heres how Britains longest-reigning queen and her husband, Philip, are related. Did You Know? Elizabeth and Philip are third cousins through Queen Victoria and are also second cousins once removed through King Christian IX of Denmark. Background of the Royal Couple When Elizabeth and Philip were both born, it seemed unlikely that they would one day become the most prominent royal couple in modern history. Princess Elizabeth Alexandra Mary, as Queen Elizabeth was named when she was born in London on April 21, 1926, was third in line for the throne behind both her father George VI and his older brother who would become Edward VIII. Prince Philip of Greece and Denmark didnt even have a country to call home. He and the royal family of Greece were exiled from that nation shortly after his birth in Corfu on June 10, 1921. Elizabeth and Philip met several times as children. They became romantically involved as young adults while Philip was serving in the British Navy during World War II. The couple announced their engagement in June 1947, and Philip renounced his royal title, converted from Greek Orthodoxy to Anglicanism, and became a British citizen. He also changed his surname from Battenburg to Mountbatten, honoring his British heritage on his mothers side. Philip was granted the title of Duke of Edinburgh and the style of His Royal Highness on his marriage, by his new father-in-law, George VI. Queen Victoria Connection Elizabeth and Philip are third cousins through Queen Victoria of Britain, who ruled from 1837 to 1901; she was their great-great-grandmother. Philip is descended from Queen Victoria via maternal lines: Philips mother was Princess Alice of Battenburg (1885–1969), who was born at Windsor Castle. Princess Alices husband was Prince Andrew of Greece and Denmark (1882–1944).Princess Alices mother was Princess Victoria of Hesse and by Rhine (1863–1950). Princess Victoria was married to Prince Louis of Battenberg  (1854–1921).Princess Victoria of Hesse and by Rhine was the daughter of Princess Alice of the United Kingdom (1843–1878).Princess Alices mother was Queen Victoria (1819–1901). She married  Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (1819–1861) in 1840. Elizabeth is a direct descendant of Queen Victoria through paternal lines: Elizabeths father was  George VI  (1895–1952). He married  Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon  (1900–2002) in 1925.George VIs father was  George V  (1865–1936). He married Mary of Teck (1867–1953) in 1893, a German princess raised in England.George Vs father was  Edward VII  (1841–1910).  He married Alexandra of Denmark (1844–1925), a Danish princess.Edward VIIs mother was  Queen Victoria  (1819–1901). She married Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (1819–1861) in 1840. Connection Through King Christian IX of Denmark Elizabeth and Philip are also second cousins, once removed, through King Christian IX of Denmark, who ruled from 1863 to 1906. Prince Philips father is a descendant of Christian IX: Prince Andrew of Greece and Denmark  was Philips father. He was married to Princess Alice of Battenburg, listed above.George  I of Greece (1845–1913) was Prince Andrews father. He married Olga Constantinova of Russia (1851–1926) in 1867.Christian IX of Denmark (1818–1906) was George Is father. He married Louise of Hesse-Kassel (1817–1898) in 1842. Queen Elizabeths father was also a descendant of Christian IX: George VI, Elizabeths father, was the son of George V.George Vs mother was Alexandra of Denmark.Alexandras father was Christian IX. Queen Elizabeths connection to Christian IX comes through her paternal grandfather, George V, whose mother was Alexandra of Denmark. Alexandras father was King Christian IX.   More Royal Relations Queen Victoria was related to her husband, Prince Albert, as first cousins and also third cousins once removed.  They had a fertile family tree, and many of their children, grandchildren, and great-grandchildren married into other royal families of Europe. Britains King Henry VIII (1491–1547) was married six times. All six of his wives could claim descent through Henrys ancestor, Edward I (1239–1307). Two of his wives were royal, and the other four were from the English nobility. King Henry VIII is Elizabeth IIs first cousin, 14 times removed. In the Habsburg royal family, intermarriage among close relatives was very common.  Philip II of Spain  (1572–1598), for instance, was married four times; three of his wives were related closely to him by blood. The family tree of Sebastian of Portugal (1544–1578) illustrates how intermarried the Habsburgs were: he had only four great-grandparents instead of the usual eight. Manuel I of Portugal  (1469–1521) married women who were related to each other; their descendants then intermarried.

Leading Service Firms Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Leading Service Firms - Essay Example They rarely allow themselves the time to try to gain an understanding of the entire marketplace context in which they compete, this means sometimes while marketing a new service to gain competitive advantage, they often overlook the research part and just introduces the service, which sometimes gives loss (Suzzane, 2004:4). Today every service firm tries to get a commanding position so that it can by having range of services, competitive distinctions, and innovations that can dictate the particular service industry in which it is competing. And it should become the future trendsetter (Suzzane, 2004:8). Each of these looking out techniques serves to give a professional service firm a reliable sounding board on which to evaluate new opportunities or threats. Collectively, they help a professional service firm to develop concrete grounding for future business decisions and new strategies (Suzzane, 2004:15). The professional service sector, whose very foundation is based on intellectual capital, has yet to apply its collective brainpower to truly dig into its marketplace. Put simply, digging deeper means doing the targeted organizational and analytical work it takes to compete more effectively. But today, despite the availability (and increasing affordability) of powerful software applications, few firms conduct formal data mining to discover the unmet needs of clients and prospects. Digging deeper means capturing, organizing, and mining valuable client data to the point that one can discern past and potential client and marketplace patterns. Research shows that most professional service firms take the easy way out on efforts to differentiate themselves, avoiding the more successful but harder initiatives. Digging deeper means going beyond image-based positioning and branding campaigns to become truly different from competitors (Suzanne, 2004:11). Embedding innovation It involves deliberately incorporating support of innovation into a firm's practices and policies. As a whole, the professional service sector relies too heavily on technology-based "knowledge management" and promotion-based "thought leadership" as platforms on which to develop new services (Suzanne, 2004:12). For every service in order to cater prospect clients and in order to retain existing ones, is always been a priority in their day-to-day business processes. Because they know it's the clients who are responsible for their cash flows and their existence. All the leading service firms market themselves by using advertisement and for that they use different media so that their message could reach to their target market. Usually an advertisement made by a service firm before it's going to be online through any media, has two objectives: To create a brand image in the clients' mind. To publicize features of services they are offering, for the prospect clients and also to provide a recall for their existing ones. Nowadays the basic purpose of advertisement is not to have a one-way communication with the